Abstract: Protectionism is widespread in agricultural trade. As a consequence, world markets are distorted and unstable. Earlier attempts to negotiate commodity agreements have failed to address the root problem: the domestic farm policies in industrial and middle-income countries. Constraints on these policies are now openly being discussed in the GATT Uruguay Round. Regional trade blocs are also coming to terms with the problems of agricultural trade. And a number of countries are unilaterally liberalizing agricultural trade as a part of their economic reform program. Despite this activity, high protection levels are still evident in the middle-income developed countries. Protectionism and agriculture seem to go hand in hand. Governments are rarely willing to see their domestic farmers compete directly with those of other countries. In the industrial countries, sixty years of programs to stabilize and support the market for domestic producers has left a mass of trade regulations that impede market access. Newly industrializing countries have often followed the same path, at least with respect to the staple food crops, hampering their own development with high food prices. Developing countries, by contrast, have usually discriminated against domestic agriculture by taxing export industries and allowing subsidized sales of imported foodstuffs to keep down urban prices. But even in these cases, state trading agencies determine the level of trade, and domestic markets are rarely open to foreign sellers on an open access basis. The cost of such policies has been high, both in terms of distorted resource allocation and consumption patterns and in their deleterious effect on the level and stability of world market prices. Such market prices provide a vital function to guide domestic decisions on the allocation of investment funds. The signals from agricultural markets have been quite confused. High support prices in developed countries, for the purposes of maintaining rural incomes, have led to chronic surpluses of temperate-zone products such as cereals and meat. Border protection, needed to maintain those high prices, has led to much-restricted markets for imports from developing countries, including those tropical products (such as tree oils and cane sugar)that act as substitutes for the domestically grown commodities. As a result, world prices have been both depressed and unstable. Governments have tried various approaches over the years to bring order in world agricultural markets, usually through the negotiation of intergovernmental commodity agreements. These agreements have been singularly unsuccessful in improving the operation of the markets, and have generally atrophied. Direct negotiations on the domestic policies that cause the trade problems have in the past been ruled out as politically impossible. International rules, such as those in the GATT, have been framed in ways that leave considerable scope for domestic protectionist policies and have proven hard to enforce. In this current era of liberalization of economic policies and deregu- lation of markets, it is interesting to see the extent to which agriculture is participating in the trend towards a reduced role for government in making economic decisions. There is indeed some evidence of progress toward freer trade in agricultural products, though the pace of such progress is glacial. This slow but sure advance towards trade liberalization in agricultural markets can be seen on several fronts, rang- ing from the multinational talks in the GATT and the various attempts at including agriculture in regional free-trade zones, to the unilateral reforms countries are adopting as a part of their development strategy. The most visible location for action to reduce protection in agriculture is the negotiations in the GATT Uruguay Round, where only the crucial final steps remain to be taken on the road to an agreement. This far- reaching pact would transform the way agricultural trade is governed in the multilateral trade system. Negotiators could still snatch defeat from the jaws of victory, but there has been considerable progress in reaching an agreement on the major issues. Despite the attention it has captured, the GATT negotiation is by no means the only place where movement toward more liberal trade is being pursued. Indeed, regional and unilateral policy discussions are, in some respects, ahead of the multilateral talks. Regional trade nego- tiations, including the talks that led to a NAFTA agreement in August 1992, and the trade agreements between the EC and the countries in Eastern Europe, are forcing similar if somewhat reluctant progress in the same direction. But as significant as these intergovernmental negotiations are, some of the most important developments are the domestic (unilateral) changes now under way. Several countries in Latin America, together with some in non-EC Europe and a few in Asia, are in the process of modifying their domestic agricultural policies to reduce the incidence of protectionism. 麻烦哪位高手帮忙翻译~跪谢~急!急!急!急!
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